Herat is an ancient city in western Afghanistan near the Iranian border, known for its rich Persian-influenced architecture like the Friday Mosque and the Citadel. While petty street crime (like muggings) is exceptionally low due to the harsh penalties imposed by the ruling authorities, the environment for foreigners remains highly volatile. Tourists must secure numerous permits from local ministries just to move between cities. The city is deeply conservative; female travelers face immense restrictions and generally cannot travel without a male chaperone (Mahram) and full hijab/burqa. Earthquakes are also a significant natural risk in this western region.